Behaviouristic and Structural Approaches to Teaching English: A Comprehensive Guide
Teaching English as a second language (ESL) requires methodologies that cater to varied learning styles and linguistic goals. Two influential approaches in the field are the Behaviouristic Approach and the Structural Approach. Both emphasize systematic learning but differ in their philosophical underpinnings and practical techniques.
In this blog, we will explore:
- The Behaviouristic Approach: Foundations and techniques
- The Structural Approach: Principles and teaching methods
- The advantages and challenges of each approach
- How these approaches influence modern ESL classrooms
The Behaviouristic Approach
The Behaviouristic Approach is rooted in the psychological theory of behaviorism, which focuses on observable behaviors and external stimuli. Developed by scholars like B.F. Skinner, it emphasizes habit formation through repetition, reinforcement, and imitation.
Principles of the Behaviouristic Approach
Learning Through Conditioning:
Language learning is seen as a process of conditioning where correct responses are reinforced.Imitation and Practice:
Learners mimic the teacher’s examples and practice repeatedly to build habits.Focus on Observable Outcomes:
Only measurable behaviors, such as correct pronunciation or grammar usage, are emphasized.Use of Rewards and Penalties:
Positive reinforcement (praise) or negative reinforcement (correction) guides learning.
Teaching Techniques in the Behaviouristic Approach
Drills and Repetition:
Sentence patterns and vocabulary are practiced repeatedly to form habits.Choral Response:
Students respond collectively to prompts, reinforcing correct pronunciation and grammar.Reinforcement:
Teachers provide immediate feedback to correct mistakes and encourage proper usage.
The Structural Approach
The Structural Approach focuses on teaching the structure of the English language. It emphasizes mastering grammatical patterns and sentence structures as the foundation of language proficiency. This approach is particularly effective for learners who require a clear understanding of language rules.
Principles of the Structural Approach
Language as a System:
English is seen as a system of interrelated structures that must be learned sequentially.Gradual Complexity:
Simple sentence patterns are taught first, gradually progressing to more complex structures.Inductive Grammar Learning:
Learners discover grammar rules by analyzing and practicing examples.Listening and Speaking Priority:
The approach prioritizes oral proficiency before moving to reading and writing.
Teaching Techniques in the Structural Approach
Pattern Practice:
Students practice sentence patterns to internalize grammatical structures.Substitution Drills:
Words or phrases in sentences are replaced to practice variations.Repetition and Memorization:
Core language structures are reinforced through repetition.Situational Teaching:
Teachers use real-life contexts to present and practice grammatical patterns.
Advantages of the Behaviouristic and Structural Approaches
Behaviouristic Approach
-
Effective for Beginners:
Repetition and imitation are ideal for new learners to build a foundation. -
Reinforces Accuracy:
Immediate feedback helps correct mistakes early. -
Habit Formation:
Drills create strong language habits, aiding long-term retention.
Structural Approach
-
Builds a Strong Grammar Base:
Focus on sentence patterns ensures a solid understanding of English grammar. -
Systematic Progression:
Gradual learning allows students to move from simple to complex structures with confidence. -
Practical for Real-Life Communication:
Emphasis on situational teaching makes the language relevant and useful.
Challenges of the Behaviouristic and Structural Approaches
Behaviouristic Approach
Limited Creativity:
Rigid drills can stifle students’ ability to think creatively in English.Neglects Meaning and Context:
Focus on repetition may overlook the nuances of real-world communication.Overemphasis on Accuracy:
Fear of mistakes may discourage students from practicing freely.
Structural Approach
Time-Consuming:
Mastering each structure sequentially can slow down overall language learning.Neglects Cultural Context:
Focus on grammar may ignore cultural and contextual elements of language use.Challenging for Large Classes:
Individual attention is often required to ensure mastery of structures.
Relevance in Modern ESL Classrooms
Both approaches continue to influence ESL teaching today. While the Behaviouristic Approach is ideal for habit formation and foundational learning, the Structural Approach excels in providing a systematic understanding of grammar. However, modern methodologies often combine these approaches with communicative and interactive strategies to address their limitations.
Conclusion
The Behaviouristic and Structural Approaches to Teaching English are foundational in ESL education, offering time-tested techniques for language acquisition. By understanding their principles, advantages, and limitations, teachers can integrate these methods effectively into their classrooms. Combining them with modern strategies ensures a comprehensive and engaging learning experience for students.
Discover more from YOUR SMART CLASS
Subscribe to get the latest posts sent to your email.
